26 research outputs found

    Foundations of variation in male aggressiveness and tolerance between chacma baboons (Papio ursinus) in Botswana and Guinea baboons (P. papio) in Senegal

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    Die Fitness-limitierende Ressource fĂŒr die meisten mĂ€nnlichen Primaten ist die unteilbare Befruchtung von Weibchen. Daher herrscht in der Regel ein aggressives Konkurrenzverhalten unter MĂ€nnchen, um sich den Zugang zu fertilen Weibchen zu sichern. Jedoch zeigen MĂ€nnchen unterschiedlicher Arten eine erhebliche Variation in ihrer AggressivitĂ€t. In manchen Arten kann sogar ein kooperatives Verhalten zwischen MĂ€nnchen beobachten werden, das meist mit weniger angespannten und toleranteren Sozialbeziehungen verbunden ist. Die proximaten und ultimaten Ursachen fĂŒr diese interspezifische Variation werden durch verschiedene Aspekte des Sozialsystems einer Art bedingt, jedoch sind die zugrundeliegenden Ursachen noch nicht vollstĂ€ndig geklĂ€rt. Paviane (Papio spp.) stellen ein gut geeignetes Modell dar, um die Grundlage von mĂ€nnlicher AggressivitĂ€t und Toleranz zu untersuchen, da die unterschiedlichen Arten dieser Gattung eine erhebliche Variation in mĂ€nnlichem Konkurrenzverhalten und in anderen Aspekten ihrer Sozialsysteme zeigen. MĂ€nnliche BĂ€renpaviane (P. ursinus) im sĂŒdlichen und mĂ€nnliche Guineapaviane (P. papio) im westlichen Afrika scheinen dabei entgegengesetzte Extrema von AggressivitĂ€t und Toleranz darzustellen. Das Ziel meiner Promotion war daher, verschiedene Aspekte der mĂ€nnlichen Dominanzbeziehungen in den beiden Arten zu untersuchen und zu vergleichen. BĂ€renpaviane leben in stabilen Gruppen mit mehreren MĂ€nnchen und mehreren Weibchen, in denen geschlechtsreife MĂ€nnchen in benachbarte Gruppen abwandern. Dort versuchen sie mit Hilfe von aggressivem Verhalten einen hohen Rang zu erlangen, da ihnen dieser ein Vorrecht („Priority of access“) auf fertile Weibchen verschafft und ĂŒber den reproduktiven Erfolg eines MĂ€nnchens bestimmt. Im Gegensatz dazu leben Guineapaviane in einer mehrschichtigen (“multi-level“) Gesellschaft, in der nahverwandte MĂ€nnchen hĂ€ufig in der gleichen Gruppe verbleiben. Die Sozialbeziehungen zwischen MĂ€nnchen scheinen dabei vor allem durch eine niedrige Frequenz agonistischer Interaktionen und eine hohe rĂ€umliche Toleranz sowie Kooperation gekennzeichnet zu sein. Daher stellen Aggressionen in dieser Art scheinbar nicht das primĂ€re Mittel in der Konkurrenz um den Zugang zu Weibchen dar. Bisher gab es noch keine vergleichbaren Daten, um diese Vermutung ĂŒber Verhaltensunterschiede zwischen den beiden Arten zu ĂŒberprĂŒfen. Daher war ein Ziel meiner Dissertation die AggressivitĂ€t und rĂ€umliche Toleranz zwischen mĂ€nnlichen BĂ€renpavianen im Moremi Game Reserve, Botsuana, und mĂ€nnlichen Guineapavianen im Parc National de Niokolo Koba, Senegal, zu vergleichen. Unterschiede in mĂ€nnlicher Konkurrenz spiegeln sich auch in unterschiedlichen altersabhĂ€ngigen VerlĂ€ufen des Reproduktionserfolgs wider. Bei Primaten ist dieser Verlauf wiederum mit Variation im Testosteronspiegel verbunden. Neben diesen LangzeitverlĂ€ufen wurde gezeigt, dass zusĂ€tzliche, kurzfristige Anstiege in Testosteronspiegeln ein aggressives Verhalten wĂ€hrend der Konkurrenz um Paarungspartner fördern (‚Challenge hypothesis‘). Das zweite Ziel meiner Dissertation war daher, den Zusammenhang zwischen Testosteron und dominanzbezogener Aggression zu untersuchen, indem ich die Variation in Testosteronspiegeln in Bezug auf Alter, Aggression, und Dominanzbeziehungen analysiert habe. Die Art und Weise, wie Individuen konkurrieren, beeinflusst auch, wie physiologische Kosten (oder ‚allostatic load‘) zwischen Individuen unterschiedlichen Dominanzstatus verteilt sind. Diese Kosten spiegeln sich in inter-individuellen Differenzen in Glucocorticoidspiegeln wider. Das dritte Ziel meiner Arbeit war daher die Effekte von mĂ€nnlichen Sozialbeziehungen auf physiologische Kosten zu untersuchen, indem ich die Variation in Glucocorticoidspiegeln in Relation zu Dominanzstatus zwischen BĂ€ren- und Guineapavianen analysiert habe. Inter-individuelle Unterschiede in AggressivitĂ€t sind stark erblich bedingt. Daher ist zu vermuten, dass auch Unterschiede zwischen Arten eine genetische Grundlage haben. Die beiden LĂ€ngenpolymorphismen 5-HTTLPR - im Gen des Serotonintransporters - und MAOALPR - im Gen der monoaminen Oxidase A - beeinflussen die AktivitĂ€t des serotonergen Neurotransmittersystems und wurden mit Variation von AggressivitĂ€t in Verbindung gebracht. Verschiedene Allele dieser beiden Loci könnten daher auch mit Artunterschieden bei Pavianen gekoppelt sein. Das vierte Ziel meiner Dissertation war daher, Allele dieser beiden Loci zwischen fĂŒnf Pavianarten zu vergleichen. Durch die Erhebung der ersten unmittelbar vergleichbaren Verhaltensdaten fĂŒr mĂ€nnliche BĂ€ren- und Guineapaviane konnte ich zeigen, dass mĂ€nnliche BĂ€renpaviane hĂ€ufiger in agonistische Interaktionen verwickelt sind als Guineapaviane. Im Gegensatz dazu zeigen Guineapaviane eine höhere rĂ€umliche Toleranz gegenĂŒber anderen MĂ€nnchen und tauschen manchmal sogar affiliatives Verhalten aus. Des Weiteren zeigten mĂ€nnliche BĂ€renpaviane konsistente Dominanzbeziehungen und eine lineare Hierarchie, wĂ€hrend die LinearitĂ€t der Hierarchien von Guineapavianen allgemein niedriger war. Diese Beobachtungen stimmen mit vorherigen Beobachtungen ĂŒber mĂ€nnliche Sozialbeziehungen in beiden Arten ĂŒberein. Dies bedeutet, dass die beiden Arten sich tatsĂ€chlich in der IntensitĂ€t von mĂ€nnlicher Wettbewerbskonkurrenz („contest competition“) unterscheiden. In keiner der beiden Arten konnte ein Zusammenhang zwischen Testosteronspiegel und Alter oder Dominanzrang gefunden werden. Es gab jedoch einen statistischen Trend, dass in BĂ€renpavianen der Testosteronspiegel mit AggressivitĂ€t korreliert. Dies wurde zuvor nur in Perioden beobachtet, in denen MĂ€nnchen hoher DominanzrĂ€nge von anderen MĂ€nnchen herausgefordert wurden (d.h. „unstabile Perioden“). Dies war in der vorliegenden Studie nicht der Fall. Jedoch könnten eine kurz zuvor beobachtete Teilung der Gruppe und darauf folgende regelmĂ€ĂŸige Begegnungen der beiden neu entstandenen Gruppen eine Ă€hnliche Situation verursacht haben. In Guineapavianen waren Testosteronspiegel nicht mit der HĂ€ufigkeit von agonistischen Verhalten korreliert. Dies könnte daran liegen, dass solche Verhalten in dieser Art keine bedeutende Rolle in der Konkurrenz um Paarungsmöglichkeiten spielen. Hochrangige mĂ€nnliche BĂ€renpaviane zeigten höhere Glucocorticoidspiegel als niedrigrangigere MĂ€nnchen. Auch dies wurde bei BĂ€renpavianen bisher nur wĂ€hrend „unstabiler Perioden“ beobachtet und weist wieder darauf hin, dass die unĂŒbliche Teilung der Gruppe eine Ă€hnliche Situation hervorgerufen haben kann. In Guineapavianen korrelierten Glucocorticoidspiegel nicht mit Dominanzpositionen, was die Vermutung unterstĂŒtz, dass DominanzrĂ€nge in dieser Art wenig oder keine Bedeutung haben. Ein Vergleich von 5-HTTLPR und MAOALPR Allelen zwischen fĂŒnf Arten von Pavianen lĂ€sst vermuten, dass der 5-HTTLPR-Genotyp nicht mit interspezifischer Variation im Verhalten in Verbindung steht; dieser Locus war in fast allen Arten monomorph. Ein erweiterter Vergleich zwischen mehreren Arten von Pavianartigen (Papionini) deutete aber an, dass dieser Locus wĂ€hrend der historischen Ausbreitung von Makaken nach Asien sehr wahrscheinlich unter SelektionsdrĂŒcken stand. Die Bedeutung dieser Variation muss noch untersucht werden, könnte aber eventuell mit Unterschieden in der Umwelt der jeweiligen Arten zusammenhĂ€ngen. Im Gegensatz dazu war der Locus MAOALPR polymorph und das Muster verschiedener Allele passte ĂŒberwiegend mit den vermuteten Verhaltensunterschieden zwischen Pavianarten zusammen. Die beobachtete Variation in diesem Locus bietet daher eine gute Möglichkeit, um genetisch bedingte Verhaltensunterschiede zwischen verschiedenen Pavianen genauer zu untersuchen und dadurch die genetischen Grundlagen der Variation in AggressivitĂ€t bei Primaten besser zu verstehen. Zusammengefasst hat meine Dissertation grundlegende Einblicke in die proximaten Ursachen und Kosten der Unterschiede in mĂ€nnlicher Dominanzbeziehungen zwischen Pavianarten geliefert. Erste Daten weisen darauf hin, dass Verhaltensunterschiede in Bezug auf AggressivitĂ€t zwischen Pavianen mit dem MAOALPR-Genotyp verbunden sind. Eine Untersuchung dieses Locus im Zusammenhang mit Neurotransmitter-AktivitĂ€t und Verhalten könnte daher weitere AufschlĂŒsse ĂŒber die proximaten Mechanismen geben, die unterschiedlichen AggressivitĂ€tsmustern in Primaten unterliegen. Verhaltensbeobachtungen und Glucocorticoid-Messungen lassen vermuten, dass die reproduktive Strategie von mĂ€nnlichen Guineapavianen mit weniger „offensichtlichen“ Kosten verbunden ist. Daher könnten eine Untersuchung der Mechanismen, die den Zugang zu Weibchen bei Guineapavianen regeln, und ein Vergleich des reproduktiven Erfolgs zwischen unterschiedlichen MĂ€nnchen weitere Einblicke in die Evolution von reproduktiven Strategien und damit von AggressivitĂ€ts- und Toleranzunterschiede zwischen mĂ€nnlichen Primaten liefern

    Primates create seedling growth hotspots through pattern of dung deposition

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    Primates may play important roles in accelerating ecosystem nutrient cycling, seed dispersal and herbivory. They comprise a large part of the biomass of forest communities and tend to have clumped patterns of defecations at favored food trees or sleeping sites. The paper reports on a controlled growth experiment to quantify the effect of primate dung on the growth of both light-demanding and shade tolerant seedlings in Kibale National Park (Uganda). Analysis reveals that light-demanding species were affected by the natural dung treatment and plants with small initial size had accelerated growth. There was no effect on (the often slower) plant growth for shade tolerant plants over the year long study.Canada Research Chairs ProgramNatural Science and Engineering Research Council of CanadaFonds Québécois de la Recherche sur la Nature et les TechnologiesNational Geographic Societ

    Does the presence of elephant dung create hotspots of growth for existing seedlings?

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    In general, the addition of elephant dung did not increase seedling growth, and only increased the number of leaves in shade-tolerant plants with a large initial number of leaves. Researchers have speculated that the loss of elephants would shift the composition of African forests to slow-growing tree species. However, findings in this study show some slow-growing shade-tolerant plants grew more new leaves with additional nutrient input from elephant dung, a condition that would occur if elephant numbers increase. Forest elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis) populations declined by 62% between 2002 and 2011. The population is now only 10% of what it was historically, and occupies less than 25% of its original range

    Life in 2.5D: Animal Movement in the Trees

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    The complex, interconnected, and non-contiguous nature of canopy environments present unique cognitive, locomotor, and sensory challenges to their animal inhabitants. Animal movement through forest canopies is constrained; unlike most aquatic or aerial habitats, the three-dimensional space of a forest canopy is not fully realized or available to the animals within it. Determining how the unique constraints of arboreal habitats shape the ecology and evolution of canopy-dwelling animals is key to fully understanding forest ecosystems. With emerging technologies, there is now the opportunity to quantify and map tree connectivity, and to embed the fine-scale horizontal and vertical position of moving animals into these networks of branching pathways. Integrating detailed multi-dimensional habitat structure and animal movement data will enable us to see the world from the perspective of an arboreal animal. This synthesis will shed light on fundamental aspects of arboreal animals’ cognition and ecology, including how they navigate landscapes of risk and reward and weigh energetic trade-offs, as well as how their environment shapes their spatial cognition and their social dynamics

    Methodological considerations in the analysis of fecal glucocorticoid metabolites in tufted capuchins (Cebus apella)

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    Analysis of fecal glucocorticoid (GC) metabolites has recently become the standard method to monitor adrenocortical activity in primates noninvasively. However, given variation in the production, metabolism, and excretion of GCs across species and even between sexes, there are no standard methods that are universally applicable. In particular, it is important to validate assays intended to measure GC production, test extraction and storage procedures, and consider the time course of GC metabolite excretion relative to the production and circulation of the native hormones. This study examines these four methodological aspects of fecal GC metabolite analysis in tufted capuchins (Cebus apella). Specifically, we conducted an adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) challenge on one male and one female capuchin to test the validity of four GC enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) and document the time course characterizing GC me- tabolite excretion in this species. In addition, we compare a common field-friendly technique for extracting fecal GC metabolites to an established laboratory extraction methodology and test for effects of storing “field extracts” for up to 1 yr. Results suggest that a corticosterone EIA is most sensitive to changes in GC production, provides reliable measures when extracted according to the field method, and measures GC metabolites which remain highly stable after even 12 mo of storage. Further, the time course of GC metabolite excretion is shorter than that described yet for any primate taxa. These results provide guidelines for studies of GCs in tufted capuchins, and underscore the importance of validating methods for fecal hormone analysis for each species of interest

    Social preferences and network structure in a population of reef manta rays

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    Understanding how individual behavior shapes the structure and ecology ofpopulations is key to species conservation and management. Like manyelasmobranchs, manta rays are highly mobile and wide ranging species threatened byanthropogenic impacts. In shallow-water environments these pelagic rays often formgroups, and perform several apparently socially-mediated behaviors. Group structuresmay result from active choices of individual rays to interact, or passive processes.Social behavior is known to affect spatial ecology in other elasmobranchs, but this isthe first study providing quantitative evidence for structured social relationships inmanta rays. To construct social networks, we collected data from more than 500groups of reef manta rays over five years, in the Raja Ampat Regency of West Papua.We used generalized affiliation indices to isolate social preferences from non-socialassociations, the first study on elasmobranchs to use this method. Longer lastingsocial preferences were detected mostly between female rays. We detectedassortment of social relations by phenotype and variation in social strategies, with theoverall social network divided into two main communities. Overall network structurewas characteristic of a dynamic fission-fusion society, with differentiated relationshipslinked to strong fidelity to cleaning station sites. Our results suggest that fine-scaleconservation measures will be useful in protecting social groups of M. alfredi in theirnatural habitats, and that a more complete understanding of the social nature of mantarays will help predict population response

    MASTREE+: Time-series of plant reproductive effort from six continents.

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    Significant gaps remain in understanding the response of plant reproduction to environmental change. This is partly because measuring reproduction in long-lived plants requires direct observation over many years and such datasets have rarely been made publicly available. Here we introduce MASTREE+, a data set that collates reproductive time-series data from across the globe and makes these data freely available to the community. MASTREE+ includes 73,828 georeferenced observations of annual reproduction (e.g. seed and fruit counts) in perennial plant populations worldwide. These observations consist of 5971 population-level time-series from 974 species in 66 countries. The mean and median time-series length is 12.4 and 10 years respectively, and the data set includes 1122 series that extend over at least two decades (≄20 years of observations). For a subset of well-studied species, MASTREE+ includes extensive replication of time-series across geographical and climatic gradients. Here we describe the open-access data set, available as a.csv file, and we introduce an associated web-based app for data exploration. MASTREE+ will provide the basis for improved understanding of the response of long-lived plant reproduction to environmental change. Additionally, MASTREE+ will enable investigation of the ecology and evolution of reproductive strategies in perennial plants, and the role of plant reproduction as a driver of ecosystem dynamics

    Long‐term storage effects in steroid metabolite extracts from baboon ( Papio sp.) faeces : a comparison of three commonly applied storage methods

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    1. The measurement of steroid hormone metabolites from faeces in wild animal populations is a powerful, noninvasive tool in behavioural endocrinology of all major vertebrate taxa. However, because such research is often done in remote areas with limited infrastructure, storage of samples for hormone analysis over long periods at high temperature is a critical issue in field endocrinology. Previous studies have indicated that storage of alcoholic faecal extracts is more reliable than storage of unprocessed faeces if no freezer is available, but a standard method has not been established yet.2. We tested the validity of three commonly applied storage conditions – liquid extracts, dried extracts and extracts placed on solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges – to preserve concentrations of glucocorticoid and androgen metabolites from faecal extracts of olive baboons (Papio anubis) at high temperature over 1 year.3. Temporal variation in concentrations was detected for all metabolites and all storage conditions, including values measured from the control condition, that is, extracts stored at −20°C. This suggested that most variation was due to interassay variability, corroborated by comparisons of variation in ‘quality controls’ and samples.4. Compared to frozen control samples, liquid extracts were stable for up to 24 weeks, extracts on SPE cartridges were stable for up to 50 weeks, while steroid metabolite concentrations in dried extracts decreased slightly over time.5. If steroid samples have to be stored at ambient temperature, we suggest storage of liquid extracts for up to 24 weeks in a dark and cool place. For longer periods, SPE cartridges should be applied as evaporation, a potential confound arising with long-term storage of liquid extracts at higher temperatures, is not a problem in this storage condition. Storage of dried extracts is more cost-effective, but may result in small time-dependent changes in steroid concentrations.publishe

    Data from: Long-term storage effects in steroid metabolite extracts from baboon (Papio sp.) faeces – a comparison of three commonly applied storage methods

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    1. The measurement of steroid hormone metabolites from faeces in wild animal populations is a powerful, non-invasive tool in behavioural endocrinology of all major vertebrate taxa. However, because such research is often done in remote areas with limited infrastructure, storage of samples for hormone analysis over long periods at high temperature is a critical issue in field endocrinology. Previous studies have indicated that storage of alcoholic faecal extracts is more reliable than storage of unprocessed faeces if no freezer is available, but a standard method has not been established yet. 2. We tested the validity of three commonly applied storage conditions - liquid extracts, dried extracts, and extracts placed on solid phase extraction (SPE)-cartridges - to preserve concentrations of glucocorticoid and androgen metabolites from faecal extracts of olive baboons (Papio anubis) at high temperature over one year. 3. Temporal variation in concentrations was detected for all metabolites and all storage conditions, including values measured from the control condition, i.e. extracts stored at 20°C. This suggested that most variation was due to inter-assay variability, corroborated by comparisons of variation in ‘quality controls’ and samples. 4. Compared to frozen control samples, liquid extracts were stable for up to 24 weeks, extracts on SPE-cartridges were stable for up to 50 weeks, while steroid metabolite concentrations in dried extracts decreased slightly over time. 5. If steroid samples have to be stored at ambient temperature, we suggest storage of liquid extracts for up to 24 weeks in a dark and cool place. For longer periods, SPE-cartridges should be applied as evaporation, a potential confound arising with long-term storage of liquid extracts at higher temperatures, is not a problem in this storage condition. Storage of dried extracts is more cost-effective, but may result in small time-dependent changes in steroid concentrations

    How the cerebral serotonin homeostasis predicts environmental changes: a model to explain seasonal changes of brain 5-HTT as intermediate phenotype of the 5-HTTLPR

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    Molecular imaging studies with positron emission tomography have revealed that the availability of serotonin transporter (5-HTT) in the human brain fluctuates over the course of the year. This effect is most pronounced in carriers of the short allele of the 5-HTT promoter region (5-HTTLPR), which has in several previous studies been linked to an increased risk to develop mood disorders. We argue that long-lasting fluctuations in the cerebral serotonin transmission, which is regulated via the 5-HTT, are responsible for mediating responses to environmental changes based on an assessment of the expected “safety” of the environment; this response is obtained in part through serotonergic modulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. We posit that the intermediate phenotype of the s-allele may properly be understood as mediating a trade-off, wherein increased responsiveness of cerebral serotonin transmission to seasonal and other forms of environmental change imparts greater behavioral flexibility, at the expense of increased vulnerability to stress. This model may explain the somewhat higher prevalence of the s-allele in some human populations dwelling at geographic latitudes with pronounced seasonal climatic changes, while this hypothesis does not rule out that genetic drift plays an additional or even exclusive role. We argue that s-allele manifests as an intermediate phenotype in terms of an increased responsiveness of the 5-HTT expression to number of daylight hours, which may serve as a stable surrogate marker of other environmental factors, such as availability of food and safety of the environment in populations that live closer to the geographic poles
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